Data assimilation has emerged as an indispensable tool in oceanographic modelling, enabling the integration of observational data with numerical simulations to produce more accurate real-time ...

Data assimilation is an important mathematical discipline in earth sciences, particularly in numerical weather prediction (NWP). However, conventional data assimilation methods require significant ...

Subsurface reservoir engineering has become increasingly pivotal as the world intensifies its focus on sustainable energy systems and effective resource ...

Spider plot of one- and 10-day forecast (A) RMSE and (B) bias for YHGO and GLO12V4, normalized by the maximum value for each metric. Over 70% of the Earth is covered by oceans. Altogether, the Earth’s ...