An important task for a digital communications receiver is to remove any frequency/phase offsets that might exist between the transmitter and receiver oscillators. Designers typically implement a ...

This is Part 2 of a three-part series. As discussed in Part 1 and recapped here, modern wireless communications systems (mainly superheterodyne radio transceivers) are now required to deliver higher ...

Configuring a phase locked loop (PLL) for a given frequency synthesis application can simultaneously be both a quick-and easy-process as well as a time-consuming, tedious, and iterative process. This ...

Digital PLLs outperform analog PLLs in jitter, phase noise, power, and die area. They also reduce migration risk and cost. They make integration and production test easy. Yet, they have not been ...

Microwave frequency generation has posed significant challenges to engineers over the years, requiring in-depth knowledge of analog, digital, and radio frequency (RF) and microwave ...

Mobile network operators are increasingly turning to small cell base stations to expand coverage, increase capacity and enable network densification in congested, high-traffic urban environments.

Clock signals provide reference timing to every integrated circuit and electrical system. Consumer applications typically use simple quartz crystals for reference clock generation. Other applications, ...