Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) testing connects real controller hardware to a simulated environment, enabling engineers to verify systems safely and in real time before building physical prototypes. With ...

Abstract: Nonuniform temperatures in lithium-ion battery modules, caused by manufacturing inconsistencies, vibrations, and unequal line resistances, lead to uneven current distribution and accelerated ...

Abstract: In this paper the PID-Fuzzy controller, which combine the robustness and versatility of controllers based on fuzzy logic, were implemented to achieve superior performance in regulating an ...